Rule reminder

Translating modal clauses from English to Italian requires identifying: (1) Is the comparison real or unreal? Real → 'come' + indicative; Unreal → 'come se' + congiuntivo. (2) Is the 'without' clause same-subject or different-subject? Same → 'senza' + infinitive; Different → 'senza che' + congiuntivo. (3) Is it a manner of action (gerund) or a stylistic imitation ('alla maniera di')? (4) What is the tense relationship — simultaneous or prior?