Reported speech (discorso indiretto) is used to convey what someone said, thought, asked, or commanded — without quoting them verbatim. At B2 level, mastering reported speech means handling complex tense sequences, choosing the right reporting verb, shifting pronouns and time expressions, and knowing when the congiuntivo is required. Italian reported speech is more nuanced than English: it uses the congiuntivo systematically in formal registers, and has a rich set of reporting verbs that signal attitude (affermare, confessare, negare, esortare, etc.).
| Direct Speech (Tense) | Reported Speech (after past verb) |
|---|---|
| Presente → sono stanco | Imperfetto → era stanco |
| Passato prossimo → ho mangiato | Trapassato prossimo → aveva mangiato |
| Imperfetto → lavoravo | Imperfetto → lavorava (unchanged) |
| Trapassato → avevo finito | Trapassato → aveva finito (unchanged) |
| Futuro semplice → partirò | Condizionale passato → sarebbe partito |
| Futuro anteriore → avrò finito | Condizionale passato → avrebbe finito |
| Condizionale presente → potrebbe | Condizionale passato → avrebbe potuto |
| Condizionale passato → avrei dovuto | Condizionale passato → avrebbe dovuto (unchanged) |
| Congiuntivo presente → che parta | Congiuntivo imperfetto → che partisse |
| Congiuntivo passato → che abbia fatto | Congiuntivo trapassato → che avesse fatto |
Tense backshift is optional or not applied in several important cases: (1) When the reporting verb is in the present tense: 'Il professore dice che la grammatica è difficile.' (2) When reporting a universal truth or scientific fact: 'Newton dimostrò che la gravità attrae tutte le masse.' (3) When the situation reported is still current at the time of speaking: 'Mi ha detto che viene domani.' (4) In informal spoken Italian, backshift is frequently skipped even with past reporting verbs. (5) In legal and contractual texts, the present tense is maintained regardless of when the document was written.
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
|---|---|
| oggi | quel giorno |
| ieri | il giorno prima |
| domani | il giorno dopo / l'indomani |
| ora / adesso | allora / in quel momento |
| qui / qua | lì / là |
| questo / questa | quel / quella |
| questi / queste | quei / quelle |
| la settimana scorsa | la settimana prima |
| la settimana prossima | la settimana successiva |
| ...fa (ago) | ...prima (before) |
| stasera | quella sera |
| stamattina | quella mattina |
| Direct Speech (Person) | Reported Speech (third-party narrator) |
|---|---|
| io → mio | lui/lei → suo |
| tu → tuo | io → mio (if reporter) OR lui/lei → suo |
| noi → nostro | loro → loro |
| voi → vostro | noi → nostro (if reporters) OR loro → loro |
| mi (indirect) | mi → gli/le |
| ti (indirect) | mi (if reporter received action) |
| ci (indirect) | ci → gli/loro |
| vi (indirect) | ci (if reporters received action) |
| Function | Reporting Verbs | Structure |
|---|---|---|
| Statements | dire, affermare, dichiarare, sostenere, precisare, spiegare | che + indicativo/congiuntivo |
| Admissions | ammettere, confessare, riconoscere | di + infinito passato OR che + congiuntivo |
| Denials | negare, smentire, escludere | di + infinito passato OR che + congiuntivo |
| Questions | chiedere, domandare, voler sapere, interrogarsi | se + indicativo/congiuntivo OR wh-word + congiuntivo |
| Commands | ordinare, comandare, esigere, pretendere | di + infinito |
| Requests | chiedere, pregare, supplicare | di + infinito |
| Invitations | invitare, esortare, incitare | a + infinito |
| Promises | promettere, giurare, garantire, assicurare | che + condizionale passato OR di + infinito |
| Warnings | avvertire, avvisare, mettere in guardia | di + infinito OR che + indicativo |
| Suggestions | suggerire, consigliare, raccomandare | di + infinito OR che + congiuntivo |
The choice between congiuntivo and indicativo in Italian reported speech depends on register and the nature of the reporting verb. Formal and academic Italian: consistently uses the congiuntivo in subordinate reported clauses — 'Il professore sosteneva che il testo fosse autentico.' Informal spoken Italian: often uses the indicativo — 'Ha detto che era stanco.' Journalistic Italian has a special convention: the condizionale is used to signal unverified claims — 'Il ministro avrebbe ammesso...' or 'Il sospettato sarebbe fuggito all'estero.' (= reportedly fled). When the reporting verb implies subjectivity (pensare, credere, sperare, temere), the congiuntivo is always preferred in formal Italian regardless of register.
Conditional sentences (periodi ipotetici) in reported speech follow specific rules. Type 1 (real/possible): 'se + presente, futuro' → 'se + imperfetto, condizionale passato'. Example: «Se studio, passerò.» → Disse che se studiava, avrebbe passato. Type 2 (hypothetical): 'se + congiuntivo imperfetto, condizionale presente' → the conditional clause stays unchanged, but condizionale presente shifts to condizionale passato. Example: «Se avessi più soldi, comprerei.» → Confessò che se avesse avuto più soldi, avrebbe comprato. Type 3 (impossible/counterfactual past): 'se + congiuntivo trapassato, condizionale passato' → both stay UNCHANGED. Example: «Se avessi saputo, avrei detto.» → Disse che se avesse saputo, avrebbe detto.
In Italian newspapers and news broadcasts, the condizionale is used as a marker of unverified information — similar to 'allegedly' or 'reportedly' in English. Key patterns: 'Il ministro avrebbe detto che...' (The minister reportedly said that...), 'I testimoni avrebbero visto...' (Witnesses reportedly saw...), 'Il sospettato sarebbe fuggito...' (The suspect reportedly fled...). This usage is distinct from the reporting-verb backshift rule — it works even with a present reporting verb. Recognising this journalistic convention is essential for reading Italian newspapers at B2 level.
When the subject of the main verb and the reported clause are the same person, Italian strongly prefers 'di + infinito' over 'che + congiuntivo': Correct: 'Ha detto di essere stanco.' / Correct: 'Ha negato di aver commesso errori.' / Awkward: 'Ha detto che lui fosse stanco.' — This rule applies especially with verbs like: dire, ammettere, confessare, negare, sperare, credere, pensare, ricordare, dimenticare. The infinito passato ('di aver fatto', 'di essere andato') is used for actions prior to the main verb.
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Tense Backshift: Presente → Imperfetto
10 questions
Tense Backshift: Passato Prossimo → Trapassato Prossimo
10 questions
Tense Backshift: Futuro → Condizionale
10 questions
Reporting Statements: dire che, affermare che, sostenere che
10 questions
Reporting Yes/No Questions with 'se'
10 questions
Reporting WH-Questions
10 questions
Reporting Commands and Requests
10 questions
Changes in Time Expressions
10 questions
Pronoun and Possessive Changes in Reported Speech
10 questions
Reporting Promises, Warnings, and Denials
10 questions
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When NOT to Apply Backshift
10 questions
Dialogue to Reported Speech: News Interview
10 questions
Dialogue to Reported Speech: Job Interview
10 questions
Mixed Backshift: All Tenses
10 questions
Dialogue to Reported Speech: News Report
10 questions
Advanced Reported Speech: Error Identification
10 questions
Comprehensive Reported Speech: Full Dialogue Conversion
10 questions
Complex Tense Backshift Chains
10 questions
Reported Speech with Modal Verbs
10 questions
Reporting Conditional and Subjunctive Sentences
10 questions
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Reporting with Subjunctive-Taking Verbs
10 questions
Journalistic Reported Speech
10 questions
Backshift: Optional vs Obligatory
10 questions
Error Detection in Reported Speech
10 questions
Reporting Exclamations and Interjections
10 questions
Formal Written Reported Speech (Academic Register)
10 questions
Multiple Speakers: News Interview Format
10 questions
Reported Questions and Indirect Interrogatives
10 questions
Reported Commands, Requests and Prohibitions
10 questions
Reported Speech: Deictic Shifts (Time, Place, Person)
10 questions
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Advanced Mixed Reported Speech I
10 questions
Advanced Mixed Reported Speech II: Formal Legal and Official Contexts
10 questions
Advanced Mixed Reported Speech III: Long Extracts
10 questions
Advanced Mixed Reported Speech IV: Comprehensive Review
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Reported Speech — Tense Backshift (Statements)
10 questions
Reporting Questions — Indirect Questions
10 questions
Reporting Commands and Requests
10 questions
Time and Place Expression Changes
10 questions
Pronoun and Possessive Shifts in Reported Speech
10 questions
Advanced Reporting Verbs
10 questions
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Newspaper Article Reporting — Press Style
10 questions
Political Speeches Reported — Formal Register
10 questions
Complex Multi-Tense Sequences
10 questions
Error Correction — Identifying Mistakes in Reported Speech
10 questions
Modal Verbs in Reported Speech
10 questions
When Backshift Is Optional — Present Tense Reporting
10 questions
Reported Speech in Literary and Academic Texts
10 questions
Reporting Conditionals and Hypotheticals
10 questions
Advanced Mixed Reported Speech — Full Transformations
10 questions
Mastery Challenge — Advanced Reported Speech
10 questions
B2 Topics