Rule reminder

Substitution replaces a noun, verb, or clause with a pro-form to avoid repetition. Nominal substitution: 'quello/quella/quelli/quelle' = 'the one(s)'. Verbal substitution: 'farlo', 'farlo lo stesso', 'fare altrettanto' = do the same. Ellipsis omits an element that can be recovered from context: verbal ellipsis (omitting repeated verbs), nominal ellipsis (omitting repeated nouns), clausal ellipsis. All are devices that create grammatical cohesion.