Rule reminder

When translating English concessive clauses into Italian: 'although/even though' + statement → anche se + indicative (informal) OR sebbene/benché + subjunctive (formal). 'Despite/in spite of' + noun → nonostante/malgrado + noun. 'Despite + -ing' (same subject) → pur + gerund. 'However much/no matter how' → per quanto + subjunctive.