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Advanced Causal Clauses — Proposizioni Causali B2·Implicit Causal Constructions: Gerundio
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Rule reminder

The gerund (gerundio) can express cause implicitly. Present gerund (gerundio presente) expresses a cause simultaneous with the main action: 'Non vedendoci bene, portava gli occhiali' (= poiché non ci vedeva bene). Past gerund (gerundio passato) expresses a cause anterior to the main action: 'Avendo studiato molto, superò l'esame' (= poiché aveva studiato molto). The gerund subject must be the same as the main clause subject.

Implicit Causal Constructions: Gerundio1 / 10

Which gerund form expresses a cause that is ANTERIOR (happened before) to the main clause action?

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→ Causal Clauses with Negative Inversion: Non Che...→ Non Tanto Perché... Quanto Perché — Gradated Causal Clauses→ Cause vs Purpose: Perché + Indicative vs Perché + Subjunctive→ Causal Clauses in Reported Speech
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