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Italian Relative Pronouns: Che, Cui, Il Quale — One Rule That Clears Everything Up

8 min de lecture · Grammar

Italian relative pronouns — che, cui, and il quale — are used to join two clauses together, like 'who', 'which', 'that', and 'whom' in English. The challenge is that Italian uses different forms depending on whether the pronoun is a subject, a direct object, or a prepositional complement. Get this right and your Italian sentences will suddenly sound much more elegant and mature — this is one of the grammar points that separates B1 from A2.

The simplest rule: use 'che' when the relative pronoun is the subject or direct object of the relative clause. Use 'cui' after a preposition (di, a, da, in, con, per, su, tra). Use 'il quale / la quale / i quali / le quali' as a more formal alternative to both — especially useful to avoid ambiguity.

Which Relative Pronoun to Use

PronounFunctionExample
cheSubject of relative clauseLa ragazza che parla è mia sorella.
cheDirect object of relative clauseIl libro che ho letto è fantastico.
cuiAfter a prepositionLa persona di cui parlavo è arrivata.
a cuiIndirect object (to whom)L'amico a cui ho scritto non ha risposto.
il/la/i/le quale/iFormal alternative to che or cuiIl professore, il quale è molto noto, terrà una conferenza.
cui (with article)Possession — il cui / la cuiLo scrittore il cui romanzo ho letto è italiano.

Che is the most common relative pronoun and it does not change form — no gender or number agreement needed. It replaces 'who', 'which', and 'that' when the pronoun is either the subject or direct object of the clause. When in doubt, 'che' is usually your safest starting point.

Che — Subject and Direct Object

L'uomo che parla è mio padre. (subject)

The man who is speaking is my father.

La città che preferisco è Firenze. (direct object)

The city that I prefer is Florence.

Gli studenti che hanno superato l'esame festeggeranno. (subject)

The students who passed the exam will celebrate.

Il film che abbiamo visto ieri era eccezionale. (direct object)

The film that we watched yesterday was exceptional.

La ragazza che mi ha aiutato si chiama Marta. (subject)

The girl who helped me is called Marta.

Cui is used whenever the relative pronoun comes after a preposition. Think of it as 'whom/which in, of, from, with, for...'. In English you can often drop the preposition or move it to the end ('the person I was talking about'), but in Italian you must keep the preposition before cui — it never moves.

Cui — After Prepositions

La persona di cui ti ho parlato è qui. (of whom)

The person I told you about is here.

La città in cui vivo si chiama Bologna. (in which)

The city in which I live is called Bologna.

Il motivo per cui sono partito era semplice. (for which)

The reason for which I left was simple.

L'amico con cui giocavo da bambino si è trasferito. (with whom)

The friend with whom I used to play as a child has moved away.

La sedia su cui siedi è fragile. (on which)

The chair on which you are sitting is fragile.

L'argomento di cui discutiamo è complesso.

The topic we are discussing is complex.

Il quale (and its variants la quale, i quali, le quali) agrees in gender and number with the noun it refers to. It is more formal and often used in written Italian, in official documents, or to avoid ambiguity when it might not be clear which noun 'che' refers to. In ambiguous sentences, 'il quale' is the elegant solution.

Il Quale — Formal Alternative

Ho incontrato il direttore, il quale mi ha offerto un lavoro.

I met the director, who offered me a job.

Le studentesse, le quali avevano studiato molto, hanno passato l'esame.

The students (f.), who had studied a lot, passed the exam.

Il documento al quale mi riferisco è allegato.

The document to which I am referring is attached.

La ragione per la quale l'ho fatto è semplice.

The reason for which I did it is simple.

Il Quale — Agreement Table

Gender / NumberFormUsed for
Masculine singularil qualereferring to a masc. sing. noun
Feminine singularla qualereferring to a fem. sing. noun
Masculine plurali qualireferring to a masc. plural noun
Feminine pluralle qualireferring to a fem. plural noun

The possessive relative 'il cui / la cui / i cui / le cui' is a special use of cui with the article. It means 'whose' — and the article agrees with the POSSESSED thing, not with the person who owns it. 'Lo scrittore il cui romanzo ho letto' — The writer whose novel I read (il romanzo = masculine, so 'il cui'). 'La donna la cui borsa è scomparsa' — The woman whose bag has disappeared (la borsa = feminine, so 'la cui').

Possessive Cui — 'Whose'

Il bambino il cui padre è medico.

The child whose father is a doctor. (il padre = masc. → il cui)

La studentessa la cui tesi è stata premiata.

The student whose thesis was awarded a prize. (la tesi = fem. → la cui)

Un paese i cui abitanti parlano ancora il dialetto.

A village whose inhabitants still speak the dialect. (gli abitanti = masc. pl. → i cui)

The Three-Second Test

A useful trick: if you can replace the relative pronoun with 'this person' or 'this thing' and the sentence makes sense as subject or object, use '<em>che</em>'. If you need a preposition before it (of, in, with, for, etc.), use '<em>cui</em>'. And if you want to add formality or avoid ambiguity about which noun you're referring back to, switch to '<em>il quale</em>' with the matching gender and number. <strong>Three rules, three pronouns — that's the whole system.</strong>

Common Mistakes Corrected

WRONG: La persona di che parlavo / CORRECT: La persona di cui parlavo

The person I was talking about — always use 'cui' after prepositions, never 'che'

WRONG: Il motivo per il quale → ALSO CORRECT but formal / SIMPLER: Il motivo per cui

Both are correct; 'per cui' is more natural in speech

CORRECT: L'università in cui ho studiato è famosa.

The university where I studied is famous. (Note: 'dove' is also acceptable here)

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